PAU
N. 15.- SPAIN : A MIGRATION COUNTRY
Emigration was a constant feature in Spain during the 20th century, with emigrants originally going overseas to the Latin-American countries. Later, during the second half of the century, when northern and western European countries began to employ foreign workers, Spanish emigration altered its direction. For many years, the outward flow of migrants balanced the excess of workers, particularly in rural areas. However, the seventies and eighties saw a large drop in emigration, aggravating Spain’s unemployment problems.
But there has been a significant change in the migratory tendencies during the last 20 years or so and Spain, which for years was a traditional country of emigration, has at present become a new pole of attraction of migration flows. The reasons for Spain’s transformation from an emigration country into an immigration one are diverse and caused both by Spain’s domestic situation and socioeconomic and political developments abroad. The country’s membership in the European Union and its relatively continuous economic growth have made Spain an attractive destination.
Immigrants have helped increase the Spanish population by over 4 million; legislation has been modified many times in order to keep pace with this situation. From the beginning, the focus has been on controlling the massive arrival of immigrants and combating illegal migration, which represents a central problem for Spain. Significant changes have taken place in this country, not only at the demographical level, and immigration has become an important topic both as a social and a political issue in the public debate.
A * COMPREHENSION (4 points)
ANSWER QUESTIONS 1-2 ACCORDING TO THE INFORMATION GIVEN IN THE TEXT. USE YOUR OWN WORDS. (1 point per answer)
1 Why did emigration cause a problem in Spain in the late decades of the 20th century?
2 What changes have occurred in migration flows in Spain more recently? Give two.
ARE THESE STATEMENTS TRUE OR FALSE? JUSTIFY YOUR ANSWERS WITH THE PRECISE WORDS OR PHRASES FROM THE TEXT. (0.5 points per answer)
3 After the 50s, western European countries employed Spanish workers.
4 The only reason why Spain receives immigrants today is that this country belongs to the EU.
5 Immigration has not altered the Spanish population numbers.
6 Legislation radically solved the problem of illegal immigration from the beginning.
B * USE OF ENGLISH (3 points)
7 GIVE ONE OPPOSITE FOR “rural” (ADJECTIVE; LINE 4). (0.25 points)
8 FIND IN THE TEXT ONE WORD MEANING “related to the internal affairs of a nation” (ADJECTIVE). (0.25 points)
9 FILL IN THE GAP WITH A CORRECT PREPOSITION: “Hassan always dreamt ………. a better life in Europe”. (0.25 points)
10 WHICH WORD IS NOT AN ADJECTIVE? Last / Lost / Low / Loan / Loud. (0.25 points)
11 FILL IN THE GAP WITH A CORRECT FORM OF THE VERB IN BRACKETS: (0.5 points)
“If he (NOT RIDE) ………. his bike, he would not have suffered the accident”.
12 TURN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCE INTO REPORTED SPEECH: “Mary said to Ellen: ‘Don’t ever marry again”. (0.5 points)
13 TURN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCE INTO THE ACTIVE VOICE: “Although help has been offered by some non-profit (0.5 points)
organizations, the situation of the newly arrived immigrants is very poor.”
14 GIVE A QUESTION FOR THE UNDERLINED WORDS: “They found John’s book.” (0.5 points)
C * PRODUCTION (3 points)
15 WRITE A COMPOSITION (80-100 WORDS). CHOOSE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING OPTIONS. SPECIFY YOUR OPTION.
a) Would you emigrate to another country to start a new life?
b) What measures could be taken to solve the problem of illegal immigration?
N. 16.- GRAFIC WARNINGS ON CIGARETTE PACKETS
Graphic images of the health consequences of smoking are to be shown on cigarette packets in Britain from September this year. The pictures include a dead man on a steel mortuary table, patients wearing oxygen masks in hospital, a baby in an incubator and a man with a large tumour below his chin with the words “Smoking can cause a slow and painful death”.
The health secretary said the aim was to raise consciousness, help smokers to give up tobacco and reduce smoking-related illnesses. He added that picture warnings are a vital step in reducing the number of people who smoke. Smoking is still the highest cause of ill health and early death. Picture warnings, together with the introduction of a law about smoke-free public areas and the Government’s plans to raise the legal age of sale for tobacco products, will potentially save thousands of lives; in addition, others will avoid the misery of watching family and friends die prematurely from smoke-related illnesses.
A series of 15 images have been chosen following market research, public consultation and a vote on the most effective warnings. These measures will help promote better awareness of the damage that smoking does, an essential step towards reducing the number who start smoking.
According to the Cancer Research Institute, smoking accounts for 85% of lung cancers. Each year the disease causes 33,500 deaths in the UK. They also state that international evidence shows that graphic picture warnings lead to greater awareness of the risks associated with smoking and help encourage people to cut down or quit.
A * COMPREHENSION (4 points)
ANSWER QUESTIONS 1-2 ACCORDING TO THE INFORMATION GIVEN IN THE TEXT. USE YOUR OWN WORDS. (1 point per answer)
1 What messages are the pictures intended to transmit? Give at least two.
2 How will the government’s other two measures work?
ARE THESE STATEMENTS TRUE OR FALSE? JUSTIFY YOUR ANSWERS WITH THE PRECISE WORDS OR PHRASES FROM THE TEXT. (0.5 points per answer)
3 One of the images makes allusion to the effects of smoking on the respiratory system.
4 The graphic images have been chosen by the Government.
5 All lung cancers are caused by smoking.
6 It has already been proved that this kind of measures is effective.
B * USE OF ENGLISH (3 points)
7 GIVE ONE SYNONYM FOR “aim” (NOUN; LINE 5). (0.25 points)
8 GIVE ONE OPPOSITE FOR “painful” (ADJECTIVE; LINE 4). (0.25 points)
9 COMPLETE THE SERIES WITH ANOTHER WORD OF THE SAME SEMANTIC GROUP: Lung / Stomach / Liver. (0.25 points)
10 GIVE A NOUN WITH THE SAME ROOT AS “save” (VERB; LINE 9). (0.25 points)
11 JOIN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING AN APPROPRIATE LINKER (DO NOT USE AND OR BUT). MAKE CHANGES IF NECESSARY: (0.5 points)
“It was a rainy day. They decided to go fishing”.
12 TURN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCE INTO THE PASSIVE VOICE: (0.5 points)
“Medical advances have greatly reduced the number of deaths“.
13 FILL IN THE GAP WITH A CORRECT FORM OF THE VERB IN BRACKETS: (0.5 points)
“I’d rather you (STOP) ………. talking about things you don’t know”.
14 GIVE A QUESTION FOR THE UNDERLINED WORDS: “The Burtons sent hundreds of e-mails asking for help.” (0.5 points)
C * PRODUCTION (3 points)
15 WRITE A COMPOSITION (80-100 WORDS). CHOOSE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING OPTIONS. SPECIFY YOUR OPTION.
a) What is your opinion about the prohibition of smoking in bars?
b) Should the Government stop paying for smoking illnesses? Give reasons for/against.
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N. 11.- A LIFE’S AMBITION: TO CROSS THE BORDER
Until recently the main news about immigration in this part of the world focused on the boatloads of Africans attempting to reach the shores of southern Spain. Lately, however, a new phenomenon has hit the headlines: immigrants have been storming the borders between Morocco and the Spanish enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla massively.
The double three-metre-high barbed-wire fences that divide Spanish and Moroccan territories have not put them off. Hundreds or even thousands of sub-Saharan Africans camp out in the woods near the border. They choose their place and moment carefully according to the position of the Spanish and Moroccan guards, and use their handmade ladders to scale the fences always after dark. If several hundreds attempt to get across, at least a few are bound to succeed.
“These men and women can go nowhere else because they have nothing to eat; they have no job and many have no family left. That’s why they are going to try it again and again,” says the president of a non-profit organization that tries to provide aid for these immigrants. Meanwhile, the centres that run as temporary shelters for homeless immigrants are more than overflowing.
(A) COMPREHENSION (4 points)
a) ANSWER QUESTIONS 1-2 ACCORDING TO THE INFORMATION GIVEN IN THE TEXT. USE YOUR OWN WORDS. ( 1 point per answer)
1) What has changed about immigrants’ efforts to reach Spain?
2) Which are the two means that Spain uses to prevent Africans from crossing the border?
b) ARE THESE STATEMENTS TRUE OR FALSE? JUSTIFY YOUR ANSWERS WITH THE PRECISE WORDS OR PHRASES FROM THE TEXT. ( 0.5 points per answer)
3) Immigrants are so desperate that they jump the fence at any time.
4) The double three-metre-high barbed-wire fence is effective.
5) Poverty is the only reason why they risk their lives.
6) There are not enough temporary shelters for immigrants.
(B) USE OF ENGLISH (3 points)
7) Give one synonym for BORDER (line 3) (0.25 points)
Find in the text the word which has the following definition (0.25 points)
“a place giving protection from bad weather or danger” (noun)
9) Give an adjective with the same root as PROFIT (line 9) (0.25 points)
10) Give one opposite for TEMPORARY (adjective) (line 10) (0.25 points)
11) Rewrite the sentence without changing its meaning. Begin as indicated. (0.5 points)
These men and women can go nowhere else.
These men and women cannot …
12) Complete the following sentence: (0.5 points)
If rich countries helped poor ones…
13) Turn the following sentence into the passive voice: (0.5 points)
A new phenomenon has hit the headlines
14) Give a question for the underlined words: (0.5 points)
Africans wait in the woods for the right moment.
(C) PRODUCTION (3 points)
15) Write a composition (80-100 WORDS) Choose ONE of the following options. Specify your option.
a) Would you like to go abroad for a temporary job? Why?
b) Why do African immigrants want to come to Spain?
N 12.- “THE ENGLAND PATIENT”
The England football manager, Sven-Göran Eriksson, believes that modern football matches are not won on the ground, but inside the players’ minds. This film examines not just how Eriksson got inside his players’ brains, but how he is now starting a revolution in English football thinking.
Eriksson’s plan has two critical elements: to eliminate the harmful effects of the fear of failure from the minds of the England players, and to encourage them to train mentally as well as physically to reach the highest levels of performance.
Psychologists from some of Britain’s most prestigious universities believe anxiety and the fear of failure can make top professionals perform like amateurs. Medical surveys show that people use different parts of the brain to perform actions which they are learning and those which are instinctive. If the brain goes back to its learning mode, that 89th minute penalty kick goes right over the bar.
Eriksson has another psychological tactic: as he is not there on the field, he relies on “cultural architects”: players whose thinking is so close to their manager’s that they obey him without even realising they are doing so. The captain, David Beckham, is clearly one of these “architects.”
Sports psychology cannot predict whether England will win the World Cup. However, it does show that England is going into a major competition with an unprecedented degree of psychological preparedness.
(A) COMPREHENSION (4 points)
a) ANSWER QUESTIONS 1-2 ACCORDING TO THE INFORMATION GIVEN IN THE TEXT. USE YOUR OWN ORDS. (1 point per answer)
1) Why is the mind of football players important for their performance?
2) How does Eriksson carry his thinking onto the field?
b) ARE THESE STATEMENTS TRUE OR FALSE? JUSTIFY YOUR ANSWERS WITH THE PRECISE WORDS OR PHRASES FROM THE TEXT. (0.5 points per answer)
3) Eriksson´s plans mean a radical, complete change in English football.
4) Eriksson´s ideas are opposed by scientists.
5) A penalty is not converted if the brain is in its learning mode.
6) England did not receive so much psychological training in previous World Cup competitions.
(B) USE OF ENGLISH (3 points)
7) Find in the text one synonym for DAMAGING (adjective) (0.25 points)
Give one opposite for FAILURE (noun) (line 4) (0.25 points)
9) Give a noun with the same root as ENCOURAGE (verb) (line 5) (0.25 points)
10) Find in the text the word which has the following definition: (0.25 points)
“an action or strategy planned to achieve a specific end” (noun).
11) Fill in the gap with a correct form of the verb in brackets. (0.5 points)
Spain (beat) _________ Canada at football last year.
12) Join the following sentences using a relative. Make changes if necessary. (0.5 points)
Nowadays new kinds of sport attract more and more people. They seldom appear on television.
13) Turn the following sentence into Reported Speech: (0.5 points)
He asked: “Do you often play rugby?”
14) Give a question for the underlined words: (0.5 points)
The new manager stayed three months in England.
(C) PRODUCTION (3 points)
15) Write a composition (80-100 WORDS) Choose ONE of the following options. Specify your option.
a) Do you like practising some sport? Which one? Why?
b) Professional footballers are overpaid. Give your opinion.
N. 13 “SMOKING IN PUBS”
The Government is going to forbid smoking in all pubs under new proposals to protect drinkers and bar staff from passive smoking. The Cabinet has given up plans to make an exception with pubs that do not serve food, and is preparing to allow pubs to have separate “smoking rooms”. Similarly, Patricia Hewitt, the Secretary of State for Health, is examining plans to allow a “smoking-carriage option” (smoking is banned on almost all British trains). It would keep the bar smoke-free, protect staff, but permit smokers to light up in a separate area.
The Government had been worried about being accused of discriminating against smokers, particularly working-class Labour voters. The plan for a total prohibition was going to be discussed at a cabinet meeting this week but the deliberation has been postponed after last-minute doubts. Ms Hewitt is said to support a full prohibition but wants to find a practical solution acceptable to the whole Cabinet. Ministerial supporters of a complete ban believe that forbidding smoking in the workplace would help addicts to give up their habit. Others in Government think they would be accused of operating an “overprotective state” if they prohibited smoking.
Smoking-related diseases kill more than 100,000 people a year and cost the National Health Service millions of pounds treating people with such diseases. The move is now publicly welcomed.
(A) COMPREHENSION (4 points)
a) ANSWER QUESTIONS 1-2 ACCORDING TO THE INFORMATION GIVEN IN THE TEXT. USE YOUR OWN WORDS. (1 point per answer)
1) Why was the Government worried?
2) Why did some members of the Government disagree with the prohibition?
b) ARE THESE STATEMENTS TRUE OR FALSE? JUSTIFY YOUR ANSWERS WITH THE PRECISE WORDS OR PHRASES FROM THE TEXT. (0.5 points per answer)
3) The Government will prohibit pubs from serving food.
4) There are smoking-carriages on all British trains.
5) Labour voters are being discriminated against by the Government.
6) The Government expects to save millions of pounds.
(B) USE OF ENGLISH (3 points)
7) Find in the text one opposite for FORBID (verb) (line 1) (0.25 points)
Give one synonym for PROPOSALS (noun) (line 1) (0.25 points)
9) Find in the text the word which has the following definition: (0.25 points)
“group of persons carrying on work under manager” (noun)
10) Give an adjective with the same root as DOUBT (noun) (line 10). (0.25 points)
11) Turn the following sentence into the passive voice. (0.5 points)
The lobby is putting severe pressure on Ministers.
12) Join the following sentences using a relative. Make changes if necessary. (0.5 points)
John has given up smoking. He was a heavy smoker.
13) Complete the following conditional sentence: (0.5 points)
If people didn’t pay taxes,…
14) Use the words in the boxes to make a meaningful sentence. Use all and only the words in the boxes without changing their form. (0.5 points)
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A |
ALCOHOL | PLANNED |
BAN |
GOVERNMENT | TOTAL | THE |
ON |
(C) PRODUCTION (3 points)
15) Write a composition (80-100 WORDS) Choose ONE of the following options. Specify your option.
a)Should public money be spent on treating smoking-related diseases? Why?
b) What do you think of smoking in public places such as restaurants, pubs, etc.?
N. 14 Virtual or plastic?
A short but growing list of recording stars that includes Prince, Madonna, and Radiohead are willing to depart from the control of the four multinational corporations that dominate the industry. The members of the British rock band Radiohead said that they are going to sell their new album, at least initially, exclusively as a digital download and allow fans to decide how much to pay for it, if anything.
The band also said they expected a conventional CD release of the album, the 10-song “In Rainbows,” early next year, although Radiohead have not yet reached an agreement with the EMI Group, with whom they have a contract. A number of other record companies seem to be interested in the rights to distribute the album, even though the value of such a deal for a record company is reduced when the members of the band keep the digital sales entirely to themselves. Extra profits could then be made by selling the old-fashioned plastic CD as a package, with extra new songs and photographs, at a much higher price (about $50 per copy).
The band’s digital pricing plan represents a break from the industry standard established by Apple’s iTunes service, which generally sells individual songs for 99 cents apiece and complete albums for $10 to $12. The band has never sold their recordings on iTunes because of their desire to sell their albums only in their full original form. Early reaction suggests that listeners are ready to pay, but much less than they would do for a CD in stores.
A * COMPREHENSION (4 points)
ANSWER QUESTIONS 1-2 ACCORDING TO THE INFORMATION GIVEN IN THE TEXT. USE YOUR OWN WORDS. (1 point per answer)
1 Will buyers have to pay for Radiohead’s new album? Explain.
2 How can conventional music companies be affected by Radiohead’s decision?
ARE THESE STATEMENTS TRUE OR FALSE? JUSTIFY YOUR ANSWERS WITH THE PRECISE WORDS OR PHRASES FROM THE TEXT. (0.5 points per answer)
3 Radiohead are alone in this new marketing strategy.
4 Radiohead will sell their new album only as a digital download.
5 The extras cannot be downloaded.
6 The album’s 10 songs will be sold for 99 cents apiece.
B * USE OF ENGLISH (3 points)
7 GIVE ONE SYNONYM for “profit” (NOUN; LINE 9). (0.25 points)
8 FIND IN THE TEXT THE WORD WHICH HAS THE FOLLOWING DEFINITION: “privileges given by law”(NOUN). (0.25 points)
9 FIND IN THE TEXT ONE OPPOSITE FOR “forbid” (NOUN). (0.25 points)
10 GIVE AN ADJECTIVE WITH THE SAME ROOT AS “value” (NOUN; LINE 8). (0.25 points)
11 GIVE A QUESTION FOR THE UNDERLINED WORDS: (0.5 points)
“Some users spent hours and hours downloading full music album years ago”.
12 TURN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCE INTO THE PASSIVE VOICE: (0.5 points)
“Radiohead couldn’t release their new record last december”.
13 FILL IN THE GAP WITH A CORRECT FORM OF THE VERB IN BRACKETS: (0.5 points)
“I will never forget (PLAY) ………. video games when I was ten”.
14 USE THE WORDS IN THE BOXES TO MAKE A MEANINGFUL SENTENCE. USE ALL AND ONLY THE WORDS IN THE BOXES WITHOUT CHANGING THEIR FORM: (0.5 points)
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C * PRODUCTION (3 points)
15 WRITE A COMPOSITION (80-100 WORDS). CHOOSE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING OPTIONS. SPECIFY YOUR OPTION.
a) What do you think about music/dance competitions on TV?
b) Internet piracy: discuss.
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