1.-The decimal numeral system.
1.1.-The natural number set.
Natural numbers are the naumbers used for counting things. Natural numbers are positive numbers (numbers taht more than 0). They are 1, 2, 3, 4, … and so on until infinity. Natural numbers have two main purposes: you can use them for counting and for ordering. Mathematicians use N to refer to the set of all natural numbers.
Natural numbers are also called Counting Numbers. In Spanish they are called números cardinales if they are used for counting or números ordinales if they are used for ordering.
1.2.-The decimal numeral system.
Un sistema de numeración es el conjunto de reglas y símbolos que hacen posible la representación de números.
The Sumerians were the first people with a numeral system. Since then, Egyptians, Mayas, Romans, etc. have had their own numeral system. But around 773, a positional system began in India. Then Indian system transmitted to Europe by Arabs, so it was
Nuestro sistema de numeración es decimal y posicional. Usa diez símbolos diferentes (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 y 9) y además, el valor de cada cifra depende de su posición. Por ejemplo, en el número 21.320, el primer 2 tiene una valor de 20.000 unidades, sin embargo el último 2 tiene un valor de 20 unidades.
Definition: Our numeral system is a decimal and a place-value notation system. It is decimal because it is formed with ten symbols and it is positional because the value of each digit depends on the position in the number.
En el sistema decimal cada posición representa una potencia de 10. Así, empezando por la derecha, la primera posición equivale a 1 unidad, la segunda a 10 unidades, la tercera a 100, etc. Cada posición recibe un nombre en función de su valor:
Exercise: Write a number with 8 digits over the lines and translate the following words:
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
Units or Ones:__________
Tens : __________
Hundreds: ___________
Thousands:_____________
Ten thousands: __________
Hundred thousands: ______
Millions:_______________
Ten millions: ___________
Un número puede descomponerse en suma de productos que expresen el valor de cada una de sus cifras en función de su posición o al revés:
Solved example:
1.- Write the number 12.034.152 as an addition
12.034.152 = 1×10.000.000 + 2×1.000.000 + 3×10.000 + 4×1.000 + 1×100 + 5×10 + 2×1=
In Spanish: 1 Decena de Millón + 2 Unidades de Millón + 3 Decenas de Millar + 4 Unidades de Millar + 1 Centena + 5 Decenas + 2 Unidades
In English: 1 Ten Millions + 2 Millions + 3 Ten Thousands + 4 Thousands + 1 Hundreds + 5 Tens + 2 Units
2.- Find out the number represented by 3 Millions + 3 Hundred Thousands + 12 Thousands +35 Tens + 2 Units.
Hay dos formas de hacer este ejercicio:
Calculando el valor de cada cifra según su posición y sumando:
3 Millions = 3 x 1.000.000 = 3.000.000
3 Hundred Thousands = 3 x 100.000 = 300.000
12 Thousands = 12 x 1.000 = 12.000
35 Tens = 35 x 10 = 350
2 Units = 2 x 1 = 2
3.312.352
Dibujando líneas con los nombres de las posiciones y colocando las cantidades una por una. Si una cantidad tiene más de una cifra entonces hay que escribirla empezando en su correspondiente posición pero hacia la izquierda.
___ ___ ___ . ___ ___ ___. ___ ___ ___
HM TM UM HT TT UT H T U
Solve the following exercises:
1A.- Write the numbers below as an addition in English and in Spanish like the solved example above.
a) 12.004.23; b) 103.245.023;
2A.- Find out the numbers which are formed by the following values:
a) 13 Unidades de Millón + 52 Unidades de Millar + 3 Centenas + 24 Unidades =
b) 12 Centenas de Millón + 124 Decenas de Millar + 34 Decenas + 5 Unidades =
c) 2 Thousand Millions + 3 Millions + 5 Ten Thousands + 2 Thousands + 3 Hundreds + 5Units=
d) 3 Hundred Millions + 12 Millions + 134 Hundreds + 12 Units =
1.3.- Representation and ordering
The natural numbers can be represented on a half line (semirrecta) (line with a fixed beginning and with no fixed ending) that begins with zero and which is divided in equal segments.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Esta representación puede usarse para ordenar los números. Un número es mayor que otro si está situado más a la derecha en la semirrecta.
To compare two numbers, we can use three symbols: > (greater than: mayor que), = (equal to: igual a) ; < (less than: menor que).
Solve the exercise:
3A.- Put the corresponding symbols between the following numbers:
5 ___ 7 1003 ____1030 10020 ___10200 9898____ 9799
2.- READING AND WRITING NUMBERS
2.1.- Describing a number in words.
Para leer un número la forma más fácil es usar los separadores de miles cada tres cifras empezando por el final. Después nombraremos los puntos (mil, millón, mil, billón, etc.). Para leer el número iremos leyendo cada grupo de tres cifras y a continuación el nombre del punto.
Solved example:
3.- Describe in words the number 12.045.235.003.134:
· Primero nombraremos cada uno de los puntos del número:
12.045.235.003.134
Billion Thousand Million Thousand
Billón Mil Millón Mil
· Ahora leeremos cada grupo de tres números y después el nombre del punto:
Twelve billion forty five thousand two hundred and thirty five million three thousand one hundred and thirty four.
Doce billones cuarenta y cinco mil doscientos treinta y cinco millones tres mil ciento treinta y cuatro.
(Note: In English, numbers are written using commas instead of dots.
Example: 12,045,235,003,134)
Solve the exercise:
4A.- Describe the following numbers in words, in Spanish and in English:
a) 34.000.340.02: b) 3.004.000.123.004:
c) 12.005.000.012.300: d) 373.005.000.000.345
2.2.- Writing an amount in figures:
Para escribir una determinada cantidad en cifras numéricas subraya todas las palabras que hagan referencia al nombre de un separador de miles (millón, mil, etc.). Escribe los puntos separados por un espacio, deberás de empezar por el mayor que aparezca y escribirlos todos hasta llegar al separador de mil. Por último escribe entre los puntos los grupos de números completando hasta tres cifras en cada caso.
Solved example:
4.-Write ten billion one hundred thirteen million two thousand twenty three in figures:
· Primero subrayaremos todas las palabras que hagan referencia a mil, millón, billón, etc:
ten billion one hundred thirteen million two thousand twenty three
diez billones ciento trece millones dos mil veintitres
· Ahora tenemos que escribir empezando por el mayor.(Hay que escribirlos todos aunque no se nombren en el número)
. . . .
Billion Thousand Million Thousand
Billón Mil Millón Mil
· Tenemos que escribir las cantidades entre los puntos, siempre completando con ceros para que haya tres cifras entre cada dos puntos:
10.000.113.002.023
Solve the exercise:
5A.- Write the following amounts in figures:
a) Cuarenta billones tres mil millones ciento cuarenta mil.
b) Trece billones, doscientos mil tres millones ciento doce mil cuatro.
c) Twelve billion two hundred and forty thousand million three hundred thousand and five.
d) Four billion twenty seven thousand two million five thousand three hundred and fifteen.
e) Fifteen billion forty five thousand three hundred and twenty four, six million and two hundred.
3.- OPERATIONS WITH NATURAL NUMBERS
3.1.- Addition
Adding is the same as putting together or joining two values into one. Es reunir, juntar, añadir. We read 3 + 5 = 8 like: “Three plus five is equal to eight” or “Three plus five equals eight” or “Three plus five is eight”. Terms in the addition are called addends and the result is called the sum. In Spanish the addends are the sumandos.
Solved Example:
5.- The library has lent 45 books last Monday, 50 books on Tuesday and 73 books on Wednesday.
How many books have they lent?
45 + 50 + 73 = 168 books. Answer: They have lent 168 books.
3.2.- The properties of addition.
The properties are the closure, commutative, associative, and additive identity:
Closure property: Addition of two natural numbers is always another natural number. For example 6 + 7 = 13
Commutative property: When two natural numbers are added, the sum is the same regardless of the order of the addends. a+ b = b + a. For example 4 + 2 = 2 + 4
Associative Property: When three or more natural numbers are added, the sum is the same regardless of the grouping of the addends. a + b + c = (a + b) + c = a + (b + c). For example (2 + 3) + 4 = 2 + (3 + 4)
Additive Identity Property: The sum of any natural number and zero is the original number. For example 5 + 0 = 5.
Exercise : (Try to translate the properties into Spanish)
Ley de Composición interna: ________________________________________________________________ Propiedad Conmutativa:
________________________________________________________________ Propiedad Asociativa:
________________________________________________________________ Elemento neutro:
________________________________________________________________
3.3.- Subtraction of natural numbers.
Subtracting is removing or taking away some objects from a group. Es quitar, eliminar. We read 13 – 7 = 6 like: “Thirteen subtract seven equals six” (sometimes you can see “thirteen take away seven equals six” but it is better to use the first expression. The terms of subtraction are called minuend and subtrahend, the outcome is called the difference.
The minuend is the first number, it is the number from which you take something and it must be the larger number. In Spanish it is called minuendo.
The subtrahend is the number that is subtracted and it must be the smaller number. In Spanish it is called sustraendo.
The difference is the result of the subtraction. In Spanish it is called diferencia.
To check if the subtraction is correct we add up the subtrahend and the difference. The outcome must be the minuend.
Prueba de la resta:
Minuend = Subtrahend + Difference;
And in Spanish: Minuendo = Sustraendo + diferencia
Solved example:
6.- We have saved 3520 euros but we have spent € 745 on a computer. How much money is left?
3520 – 745 = 2775.
Answer: 2775 euros is left.
3.4.- Multiplication
Multiplying is doing an addition of equal addends. Es hacer una suma de sumandos iguales.
3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 = 3 x 5 = 15
We read 3 x 5 = 15 like: “Three times five equals fifteen” or “Three times five is fifteen.” The factors are the numbers that are multiplied together. The product is the result of multiplying.
Solved Example:
7.- In my living-room I have a bookcase with three shelves. If there are five books on each shelf, how many books are there?
5 x 3 = 15
Answer: I have 15 books in my bookcase.
3.5.- The properties of multiplication
The properties are the closure, commutative, associative, and additive identity.
Closure property: Multiplication of two natural numbers is always another natural number.For example 6 x 7 = 42
Commutative property: When two numbers are multiplied together, the product is the same regardless of the order of the factors. For example 4 x 2 = 2 x 4
Associative Property: When three or more numbers are multiplied, the product is the same regardless of the grouping of the factors. For example: (2 x 3) x 4 = 2 x (3 x 4)
Multiplicative Identity Property: The product of any number and one is that number. For example 5 x 1 = 5.
Definition : (Try to translate the properties into Spanish)
Ley de Composición interna: ________________________________________________________________ Propiedad Conmutativa:________________________________________________________________ Propiedad Asociativa:________________________________________________________________ Elemento neutro:________________________________________________________________
3.6. Division
Dividing is to share a quantity into equal groups. Es repartir en partes iguales. It is the inverse of multiplication. In Spanish we write 6 : 2 , but in English it is always 6 ÷ 2 and never with the colon (:).
We read 15 ÷ 5 = 3 like: “Fifteen divided by five equals three”.
There are four terms in a division: dividend, divisor, quotient and remainder:
The dividend is the number that is divided. In Spanish is dividendo.
The divisor is the number that divides the dividend. In Spanish is divisor.
The quotient is the number of times the divisor goes into the dividend. In Spanish is cociente.
The remainder is a number that is too small to be divided by the divisor and in Spanish is called resto.
Solved Example:
8.- There are 72 sweets in a bag. If we want to distribute them to 12 children, How many sweets are there for each child?
72 : 12 = 6
Answer: Six sweets for each child.
La división puede ser:
a) Exacta: Tiene resto cero.
b) Entera: Tiene resto distinto de cero.
To check if the division is correct we do the division algorithm (prueba de la división):
Division Algorithm: Dividend = Divisor x Quotient + Remainder;
And in Spanish: Dividendo= Divisor x Cociente + Resto.
Solved example:
9.- Find out the outcome of the division 237 : 13 and then check the result with the division algorithm:
237 : 13 = 18 Remainder = 3
Dividend = Divisor x Quotient + Remainder: 13 x 18 + 3 = 237 so it is correct.
4. COMBINED OPERATIONS
4.1.- Distributive property:
La suma de dos números multiplicada por un tercero es igual a la suma del producto de cada término de la suma por el tercer número.
For example 4 x (6 + 3) = 4 x 6 + 4 x 3.
Así que para hacer la multiplicación de un número por un paréntesis que tiene una suma:
First, the brackets and then the multiplication: 12 x ( 3 + 5 ) = 12 x 8 = 96
Applying the distributive property: 12 x ( 3 + 5 ) = 36 + 60 = 96
Solved example:
10.- Do the operation 5 x (12 + 45) in two different ways:
5 x (12 + 45 ) = 5 x 57 = 285 First, the brackets
5 x (12 + 45) = 60 + 225 = 285 Applying the distributive property
Solve the exercise:
6A.- Do the following operations in two different ways:
a) 12 x (12 + 4) =
b) 3 x (2 + 1 + 7) =
c) (12 + 30) x 5
4.2.- Order of the operations
When expressions have more than one operation, we have to follow rules for the order of operations:
-
Regla 1: Primero se hace cualquier operación entre paréntesis.
-
Regla 2: Después multiplicaciones y divisiones, de izquierda a derecha.
- Regla 3: Por último sumas y restas, de izquierda a derecha.
To remind this you can use the PEMDAS rule:
P: Parenthesis.
E: Exponents.
M: Multiplications.
D: Divisions .
A S: Additions and subtractions.
Solved Examples:
11.- Solve 3 + 6 x (5 + 4) 3 - 7 using the order ÷ of operations.
Step 1: 3 + 6 x (5 + 4) ÷ 3 - 7 = 3 + 6 x 9 ÷ 3 - 7 Brackets
Step 2: 3 + 6 x 9 ÷ 3 - 7 = 3 + 54 ÷ 3 - 7 Multiplication
Step 3: 3 + 54 ÷ 3 - 7 = 3 + 18 - 7 Division
Step 4: 3 + 18 - 7 = 21 - 7 Addition
Step 5: 21 - 7 = 14 Subtraction
12.- Evaluate 9 - 5 ÷ (8 - 3) x 2 + 6 using the order of operations.
Step 1: 9 - 5 ÷ (8 - 3) x 2 + 6 = 9 - 5 ÷ 5 x 2 + 6 Brackets
Step 2: 9 - 5 ÷ 5 x 2 + 6 = 9 - 1 x 2 + 6 Division
Step 3: 9 - 1 x 2 + 6 = 9 - 2 + 6 Multiplication
Step 4: 9 - 2 + 6 = 7 + 6 Subtraction
Step 5: 7 + 6 = 13 Addition
Como ves en los ejemplos anteriores las multiplicaciones y divisiones o las sumas y las restas se van realizando de izquierda a derecha, nunca de dos en dos. Si dentro de un paréntesis hay varias operaciones volveremos a aplicar la regla PEMDAS a su vez dentro del paréntesis como se ve en el siguiente ejemplo:
13.- Evaluate 150 ÷ (6 + 3 x 8) - 5 using the order of operations.
Solution:
Step 1: 150 (6 + 3 x 8) - 5 = 150 (÷ ÷ 6 + 24) - 5 Multiplication inside brackets.
Step 2: 150 ÷ (6 + 24) - 5 = 150 ÷ 30 - 5 Addition inside brackets.
Step 3: 150 ÷ 30 - 5 = 5 - 5 Division.
Step 4: 5 - 5 = 0 Subtraction.
Solve the exercise:
7A.- Solve using the order of operations:
a) 5 + 2 x (10 – 2 x 5 + 1) – 3 =
b) 10 – 3 x 2 + 35 : (5 – 4 + 3 x 2) =
5. POWERS AND ROOTS.
5.1.-Index form
The notation 32 and 23 is known as index form. The small digit is called the index number or power. You have already seen that 32 = 3 × 3 = 9, and that 23 = 2 × 2 × 2 = 8. Similarly, 54 (five to the power of 4) = 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 = 625
and 35 (three to the power of 5) = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 = 243. The index number tells you how many times to multiply the numbers together.
- · When the index number is two, the number has been ‘squared‘.
- · When the index number is three, the number has been ‘cubed‘.
- · When the index number is greater than three you say that it is has been multiplied ‘to the power of‘.
For example: 72 is ’seven squared’,
33 is ‘three cubed’,
37 is ‘three to the power of seven’,
45 is ‘four to the power of five’.
Question
Look at the table and work out the answers. The first has been done for you.
|
|
|
| 43 |
4 × 4 × 4 |
64 |
| 27 |
2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 |
|
| 72 |
7 × 7 |
|
| 53 |
|
|
| 24 |
|
|
| 65 |
|
|
5.2 Multiplication
How can we work out 23 × 25
23 = 2 × 2 × 2
25 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2
so 23 × 25 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 28
There are 3 twos from 23 and 5 twos from 25, so altogether there are 8 twos. In general, 2m × 2n =2(m + n)
Solved Examples:25 × 24 = 2(5 + 4) = 29 27 × 23 = 2(7 + 3) = 210
The rule also works for other numbers, so 34 × 32 = 3(4 + 2) = 36
256 × 254 = 25(6 + 4) = 2510
5.3.-Division
If you divide 25 by 23 you see that some of the 2’s cancel:
After division two 2s are left.
Five 2s are divided by three 2sSo 25 ÷ 23 = 22
In general, 2m ÷ 2n = 2(m - n)
Solved Example.-
25 ÷ 22 = 2(5 - 2) = 23 27 ÷ 23 = 2(7 - 3) = 24
The rule also works for other numbers, so 510 ÷ 53 =5(10 - 3) = 57
459 ÷ 454 = 45(9 - 4) = 455
5.4 Roots
Square root
The opposite of squaring a number is called finding the square root.

Solved Examples:
The square root of 16 is 4 (because 42 = 4 × 4 = 16)
The square root of 25 is 5 (because 52 = 5 × 5 = 25)
The square root of 100 is 10 (because 102 = 10 × 10 = 100)
Solve:
What is the square root of 4?
The symbol ‘√ ‘ means square root, so
√ 36 means ‘the square root of 36′, and
√ 81 means ‘the square root of 81′
You will also find a square root key on your calculator.
Cube root
The opposite of cubing a number is called finding the cube root.

Solved Example:
The cube root of 27 is 3 (because 3 × 3 × 3 = 27)
The cube root of 1000 is 10 (because 10 × 10 × 10 = 1000)
Solve:
What is the cube root of 8?
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